猪肌肉的转录组学研究进展

猪在中国的畜牧业及人类疾病的研究中有着不可或缺的作用,一方面猪提供了人类日常所需的肉类食物,另一方面在人类的器官移植方面的研究甚为广泛.因此,对于猪的各方面的研究都较为广泛,但在肌肉mRNA转录组方面涉及不深.转录组包括编码RNA和非编码RNA,根据测序结果,通过对不同品种的同位基因进行比较,用来分析相互之间的差异,进而分析不同的生物现象以及发病机制.利用这一特性,将国内外猪种的肌肉在生长过程中的编码RNA和非编码RNA进行研究,其潜在的意义是降低中国地方猪的脂肪含量.本综述旨在对转录组学、测序技术和转录组学研究以及猪基因的研究进行归纳,为进一步提高中国本土猪的瘦肉率提供了参考.     

中国人胎盘组织ABCB1基因多态性与P-gp表达水平的相关性

为了探讨中国人群胎盘组织中ABCB1基因单核苷酸多态性与其mRNA及蛋白表达水平的相关性,为妊娠期安全用药提供理论依据,本研究选取2016年6月至2018年5月于昆明医科大学第一附属医院正常分娩的200例中国汉族妇女的胎盘组织为研究对象,剪取母体侧胎盘组织,用于DNA、RNA和蛋白质的提取.通过测序确定ABCB1基因rs1045642、rs1128503及rs2032582多态性位点的基因型;采用实时荧光定量PCR和Western blot法测定组织中P-gp的mRNA和蛋白表达水平;对ABCB1基因多态性与P-gp的mRNA及蛋白表达水平的相关性进行分析.研究发现,对于rs1045642、rs1128503及rs2032582多态性位点,各基因型之间P-gp的mRNA及蛋白表达水平差异均无统计学意义(F=0.813,0.219,P＞0.05;F=0.132,0.086,P＞0.05;F=1.617,0.794,P＞0.05).本研究表明ABCB1 rs1045642、rs1128503及rs2032582基因多态性与中国汉族人群胎盘组织P-gp mRNA及蛋白表达水平可能无关.     

草菇低温胁迫初期应答关键通路的探究

本研究利用表达谱芯片技术解析了低温胁迫初期（0-120min）不同低温处理时间草菇转录组水平的变化。芯片结果分析发现在低温诱导过程中,低温处理20min内变化基因的功能为单加氧酶、氧化还原酶和细胞内的氧化还原。低温处理40min时表达差异基因具有结合RNA的功能。80min的时间段内,基因的功能比较集中于核酸物质和能量的代谢。CYP450的代谢途径在20-40min、60-80min和100-120min低温处理的菌丝体中均有显著性变化,表明这一通路在草菇低温处理过程中表现活跃。基因表达趋势分析发现34个表达差异基因富集到显著表达趋势模型,基因共表达网络分析发现VVO_04066位于网络的核心地位,推测VVO_04066通过提高磷酸肌醇特异性磷脂酶C（PI-PLC）的胞内水平,促进糖蛋白和几丁质的合成,从而完成草菇细胞的低温胁迫应答。     

蛹虫草菌粉胶囊抑制肺部炎症及缓解肺纤维化的研究

传统中药可治疗肺炎。新型急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型（SARS-CoV-2）外部囊膜上的S蛋白是决定病毒毒力的关键因素及主要抗原。本研究利用SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白和细菌脂多糖（LPS）诱导的肺炎模型,初步探索了蛹虫草菌粉对肺炎模型的促炎性因子、单核/巨噬细胞和髓源抑制性细胞（MDSCs）以及纤维化的调节作用。研究发现蛹虫草菌粉可降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组和LPS组小鼠血清中TNF-α、IL-6和IL-10的表达,并降低肺组织、肺泡灌洗液和外周血中巨噬细胞的比例,降低外周血和脾脏中MDSC的数量。进一步研究发现,蛹虫草还可降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组和LPS组小鼠肺组织羟基脯氨酸的表达和成纤维细胞的分布,进而减轻小鼠的肺纤维化水平。qRT-PCR实验发现蛹虫草菌粉处理不仅可以降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组小鼠肺组织中TGF-β R1水平,还降低SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白组和LPS组肺组织中smad2的表达。因此认为蛹虫草菌粉可缓解SARS-CoV-2病毒的S蛋白和LPS诱导的肺部炎症和纤维化症状,且纤维化缓解作用可能与TGF-β R1/smad2信号通路相关。     

Three‐dimensional reconstruction and comparison of vacuolar membranes in response to viral infection

The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three‐dimensional (3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate (TNV‐A^C), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck‐like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1a and 2a and TNV‐A^C auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast. Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant (+) RNA virus replication complexes.     

Effective methods for isolation and purification of extracellular vesicles from plants

Plant extracellular vesicles (EVs) play critical roles in the cross-kingdom trafficking of molecules from hosts to interacting microbes, most notably in plant defense responses. However, the isolation of pure, intact EVs from plants remains challenging. A variety of methods have been utilized to isolate plant EVs from apoplastic washing fluid (AWF). Here, we compare published plant EV isolation methods, and provide our recommended method for the isolation and purification of plant EVs. This method includes a detailed protocol for clean AWF collection from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves, followed by EV isolation via differential centrifugation. To further separate and purify specific subclasses of EVs from heterogeneous vesicle populations, density gradient ultracentrifugation and immunoaffinity capture are then utilized. We found that immunoaffinity capture is the most precise method for specific EV subclass isolation when suitable specific EV biomarkers and their corresponding antibodies are available. Overall, this study provides a guide for the selection and optimization of EV isolation methods for desired downstream applications.     

儿童肺炎肺实变住院患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原分析

本研究分析肺炎肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原谱构成,旨在为临床经验性抗感染治疗提供指导。收集2019年1月-2020年1月复旦大学附属儿科医院纤维支气管镜室诊治的住院肺炎病例临床资料,其中肺实变的诊断基于影像学证据,依托国家儿童医学中心病原学检测平台,并参考感染传染科医生解读,本研究对肺炎伴肺实变患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液标本的病原学检测结果进行回顾性分析。结果显示,286例肺炎患儿的286份支气管肺泡灌洗液标本被纳入研究,平均年龄5.5(5.8±3.1)岁,其中195例(68.2%)存在肺炎伴肺实变。总病原体检出率为76.6%(219/286),肺实变和无肺实变肺炎患儿病原体检出率分别为77.9%(152/195)和73.6%(67/91),差异无统计学意义;检出的前5种病原体均为肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型。5周岁及以上患儿肺炎支原体检出率达最高77.0%(127/165),肺实变病例和无肺实变病例肺炎支原体检出率分别为67.2%(131/195)和61.5%(56/91),差异无统计学意义。本研究结果提示,肺炎支原体、腺病毒、鼻病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒和副流感病毒3型是导致本研究目标人群患病的主要病原体;病原体检出率高低与是否肺实变无关。     

连翘酯苷A通过Akt/Nrf2信号通路发挥抗脑缺血氧化损伤作用研究

目的:研究连翘酯苷A(Forsythiaside A,FA)对缺血再灌注引起的脑细胞损伤的保护作用及机制。方法:采用PC12细胞缺氧再复氧模型(OGD/R),细胞分组为正常组,模型组,FA处理组(1.25, 2.5和5μmol/L),测定细胞存活率、凋亡率、ROS、MDA以及抗氧化酶水平。采用Western blotting测定对Akt和Nrf2蛋白的影响,采用Akt抑制LY294002验证FA的调节作用。结果:FA能够有效抑制OGD/R引起的存活率下降和凋亡率增加,同时可以抑制细胞内ROS和MDA水平,升高细胞内抗氧化酶(SOD、GSH、GSH-Px和CAT)水平。FA处理能够增加Akt磷酸化水平以及Nrf2和其下游蛋白HO-1蛋白表达。进一步采用LY294002验证发现FA通过Akt调控Nrf2发挥抗氧化作用从而抑制脑细胞损伤。结论:FA能够抑制缺血再灌注引起的脑细胞损伤,其作用机制可能是通过促进Akt磷酸化,调控Nrf2下游抗氧蛋白酶表达,抑制氧化应激,从而保护脑细胞。     

Leptin gene-targeted editing in ob/ob mouse adipose tissue based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system

Gene therapy has become the most effective treatment for monogenic diseases. Congenital LEPTIN deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive monogenic obesity syndrome caused by mutations in the Leptin gene. Ob/ob mouse is a monogenic obesity model, which carries a homozygous point mutation of C to T in Exon 2 of the Leptin gene. Here, we attempted to edit the mutated Leptin gene in ob/ob mice preadipocytes and inguinal adipose tissues using CRISPR/Cas9 to correct the C to T mutation and restore the production of LEPTIN protein by adipocytes. The edited preadipocytes exhibit a correction of 5.5% of Leptin alleles and produce normal LEPTIN protein when differentiated into mature adipocytes. The ob/ob mice display correction of 1.67% of Leptin alleles, which is sufficient to restore the production and physiological functions of LEPTIN protein, such as suppressing appetite and alleviating insulin resistance. Our study suggests CRISPR/Cas9-mediated in situ genome editing as a feasible therapeutic strategy for human monogenic diseases, and paves the way for further research on efficient delivery system in potential future clinical application.